Assessment of conventional magnetic resonance morphological measurements in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of progressive supranuclear paralysis / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To study the features as well as the diagnosis and differential diagnosis values by conventional MRI morphometrics in different clinical subtypes of progressive supranuclear palsy(PSP).Methods:Forty five patients with PSP were included, comprising three PSP subtypes: 15 cases of Richardson's syndrome(PSP-RS), 15 cases of Parkinson's syndrome(PSP-P)and 15 cases of progressive frozen gait(PSP-PFG). In addition, three control groups were established: 15 cases of multiple system atrophy-Parkinson's syndrome(MSA-P), 30 cases of primary Parkinson's disease(PD)and 40 healthy controls(HC). Midbrain area-to-Pons area ratio(M/P), Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index(MRPI, MRPI2.0), width ratio of middle cerebellar peduncle to superior cerebellar peduncle(MCP/SCP), Midbrain-to-Pons ratio(MTPR), Angle of cerebral peduncle(A cp), third ventricle width/frontal horns width ratio(V 3rd/FH), and Humming bird sign rating scale(HBS-RS)scores were calculated.Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were performed by ROC curve to assess the accuracy of these imaging indicators in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PSP and its subtypes. Results:The MRPI, MRPI2.0, MCP/SCP and HBS-RS scores were significantly higher in PSP group than in other control groups( H=69.351, 66.776, 33.926 and 84.694, all P<0.05), while M/P and MTPR were significantly lower in PSP group than in other control groups(H=60.101 and 77.276, all P<0.05). PSP group also had higher V 3rd/FH compared with PD or HC group( F=17.168, P<0.05), but not with MSA-P group( Z=-1.602, P>0.05). The above differences also existed between each PSP subgroup and control groups.Among PSP subgroups, PSP-PFG subgroup had a larger A cp than did PSP-RS( Z=-2.510, P<0.05), and had higher HBS-RS score than did PSP-P group( Z=-2.380, P<0.05). No significant differences in other MRI morphometric indexes were identified among PSP subtypes.The M/P, MRPI, MTPR, MRPI2.0, HBS-RS score showed good accuracy in diagnosing PSP and its each subgroup, with HBS-RS score being the most accurate indicator, when the cutoff value was 2, the AUC values were all higher than 0.99, and the sensitivity and specificity were all above 90%.PSP and its subtypes were best distinguished from MSA-P by MRPI, when the cutoff value was 9.94, the AUC values were all higher than 0.90, with the sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86.67%.PSP and its subtypes were best distinguished from PD by MTPR, AUC values were all above 0.95, with slightly different cutoff values.Almost all the morphological measurement parameters failed to show significant sensitivity and specificity in discriminating subtypes of PSP.The sensitivity and specificity of almost all MRI morphometry indicators in differentiating different subtypes of PSP are not high. Conclusions:MRI morphometrics have a high value both in the diagnosis of PSP and its subtypes, and also in specific application fields.MRI morphometrics have a limited value in discriminating PSP subtypes.

To improve gait of freezing in patients with Parkinson′s disease by electrical stimulation to common peroneal nerve delivered by wearable stimulator / 中华神经科杂志

Objective@#To explore whether the proprioceptive sensory cueing delivered by electrical stimulator to common peroneal nerve can improve the freezing of gait of parkinsonian patients.@*Methods@#Thirty patients with Parkinson′s disease experiencing freezing of gait (FOG) admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January to December 2018 were included in the trial. Proprioceptive sensory cueing was provided by alternating electrical stimuli to bilateral common peroneal nerves delivered through the wearable electrical stimulator automatically triggered by walking. The modified 12 meters Timed Walking Test, six items of the modified Parkinson Activity Scale (PSA-6), and FOG score were used to test the gait function respectively when the stimulator was turned on and off.@*Results@#Compared to the off status, time duration for two 360° turns (T360), initiating (T1) and the turning (T2) was reduced with statistical significance when the stimulator was turned on in the three trial situations which were walking with no extra task (17.49 (13.55, 23.48) s vs 14.73 (10.31, 21.71) s, 2.16 (1.78, 2.68) s vs 1.70 (1.38, 2.29) s, 6.37 (4.10, 7.45) s vs 4.77 (3.40, 6.85) s; Z=-3.219, -4.206, -2.910, P<0.05), walking with cognitive task (21.35 (16.30, 30.72) s vs 18.36 (13.83, 27.98) s, 2.80 (2.05, 3.75) s vs 2.04 (1.64, 3.00) s, 6.58 (5.23, 8.96) s vs 5.75 (4.59, 7.76) s; Z=-3.486, -4.206, -3.363, P<0.05) and walking with motor task (25.34 (17.79, 30.30) s vs 22.24 (14.11, 29.33) s, 2.46 (2.19, 3.18) s vs 2.35 (1.66, 2.59) s, 7.77 (4.75, 9.93) s vs 6.45 (3.81, 7.66) s; Z=-3.468, -3.983, -3.570, P<0.05). In all the three exercise modes, the maintaining time (T3) was not significantly different. With the stimulator turned on, the total walking time (Tt) was not significantly different when the patients walked without extra task and with cognitive task but obviously improved with motor task (29.26 (20.11, 33.21) s vs 27.66 (17.70, 32.73) s, Z=-2.644, P=0.008). Compared to the off status, patients showed higher PAS-6 scores (18.99±2.55 vs 16.82±2.92, t=-6.617, P=0.000) and lower FOG scores (14.10±5.02 vs 10.61±5.05, t=6.151, P=0.000) with statistical significance when the stimulator was turned on.@*Conclusion@#The wearable electrical stimulator can alleviate FOG in patients with Parkinson′s disease by improving rotation, gait initiation and turning and may be used as a new rehabilitative therapy for patients with FOG.

To improve gait of freezing in patients with Parkinson′s disease by electrical stimulation to common peroneal nerve delivered by wearable stimulator / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To explore whether the proprioceptive sensory cueing delivered by electrical stimulator to common peroneal nerve can improve the freezing of gait of parkinsonian patients. Methods Thirty patients with Parkinson′s disease experiencing freezing of gait (FOG) admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January to December 2018 were included in the trial. Proprioceptive sensory cueing was provided by alternating electrical stimuli to bilateral common peroneal nerves delivered through the wearable electrical stimulator automatically triggered by walking. The modified 12 meters Timed Walking Test, six items of the modified Parkinson Activity Scale (PSA?6), and FOG score were used to test the gait function respectively when the stimulator was turned on and off. Results Compared to the off status, time duration for two 360°turns (T360), initiating (T1) and the turning (T2) was reduced with statistical significance when the stimulator was turned on in the three trial situations which were walking with no extra task (17.49 (13.55, 23.48) s vs 14.73 (10.31, 21.71) s, 2.16 (1.78, 2.68) s vs 1.70 (1.38, 2.29) s, 6.37 (4.10, 7.45) s vs 4.77 (3.40, 6.85) s; Z=-3.219,-4.206,-2.910, P<0.05), walking with cognitive task (21.35 (16.30, 30.72) s vs 18.36 (13.83, 27.98) s, 2.80 (2.05, 3.75) s vs 2.04 (1.64, 3.00) s, 6.58 (5.23, 8.96) s vs 5.75 (4.59, 7.76) s; Z=-3.486,-4.206,-3.363, P<0.05) and walking with motor task (25.34 (17.79, 30.30) s vs 22.24 (14.11, 29.33) s, 2.46 (2.19, 3.18) s vs 2.35 (1.66, 2.59) s, 7.77 (4.75, 9.93) s vs 6.45 (3.81, 7.66) s; Z=-3.468,-3.983,-3.570, P<0.05). In all the three exercise modes, the maintaining time (T3) was not significantly different. With the stimulator turned on, the total walking time (Tt) was not significantly different when the patients walked without extra task and with cognitive task but obviously improved with motor task (29.26 (20.11, 33.21) s vs 27.66 (17.70, 32.73) s, Z=-2.644, P=0.008). Compared to the off status, patients showed higher PAS?6 scores (18.99±2.55 vs 16.82±2.92, t=-6.617, P=0.000) and lower FOG scores (14.10 ± 5.02 vs 10.61 ± 5.05, t=6.151, P=0.000) with statistical significance when the stimulator was turned on. Conclusion The wearable electrical stimulator can alleviate FOG in patients with Parkinson′s disease by improving rotation, gait initiation and turning and may be used as a new rehabilitative therapy for patients with FOG.

Clinical characteristics and correlative factors of constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics and the correlative factors of constipation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.Methods The demographic information,clinical features and history of medications of 193 patients with idiopathic PD consulting in the outpatient department of the First Affiliated Hospital,Anhui Medical University were collected.Patients were evaluated using following scales:Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Ⅲ (UPDRS Ⅲ),Hoehn-Yahr stage,Bristol Scoring Scale,Cleveland Constipation Scoring Scale (CCS),Scale for Outcomes in PD-autonomic for Autonomic Symptoms,Simple Food Frequency Questionnaire,Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD),Mini Mental State Examination.The patients were divided into constipation group and non-constipation group based on Rome Ⅲ Criteria for Diagnosis of Functional Constipation,and the correlative factors of constipation were compared and analyzed between the two groups.The severity of constipation and influencing factors were also compared between patients with early onset constipation (occurred before present of motor symptoms) and patients with late onset constipation (occurred after present of motor symptoms).The impacts of anti-PD medication adjustments on constipation were assessed by observing the alteration of constipation severity in 41 PD patients.Results The incidence of constipation was 56.4％ (109/193) in our cohort of PD patients,and 21.1％ (23/109) of constipation was severe according to the assessing by CCS.The spectrum of constipation symptoms included defecation straining (89.9％,98/109),poor stool output (67.9％,74/ 109),reduced stool frequency (63.3％,69/109) and dryness of stool (60.5％,66/109).The age,disease duration,scores of Hoehn-Yahr stage,UPDRS Ⅲ and HAMD,levodopa equivalent dose (LED),frequency of urination disturbance in constipation group were significantly higher than those in nonconstipation group,while the daily quantities of vegetable and water intake in constipation group were significantly lower than those in non-constipation group.Age and HAMD scores were the independent risk factors of constipation (OR=1.049,95％ CI 1.014-1.086,P=0.006;OR=1.316,95％ CI 1.185-1.461,P =0.000).Among the 109 constipation patients,the course of PD,scores of Hoehn-Yahr stage,UPDRSⅢ and LED were positively correlated with the severity of constipation (r =0.269,0.338,0.315,0.341,0.371,all P ＜ 0.05),with HAMD score being the independent risk factor of constipation severity (OR =1.175,95％ CI 1.044-1.322,P ＜ 0.05).The severity of constipation and risk factors of constipation in patients with early onset constipation were not distinct from those with late onset constipation.Conclusions The incidence of constipation increases with the increment of age,disease duration,Hoehn-Yahr stage,UPDRS Ⅲ scores,LED,HAMD scores,urination disorder severity and the decrement of daily water and vegetable intakes.The severity of constipation is positively related to the severity of motor symptoms,the daily dose of anti-PD drugs and depression levels.PD patients with early onset constipation are not distinct from the patients with late onset constipation in terms of severity and risk factors.The influences of anti-PD drugs on constipation are variable depending on the specific drug used and individual constitution.Individualized treatment regimes are proposed with respect to the management of constipation according to the specific risk factors in PD patients.

Effects of dopaminergic medication on decision-making under ambiguity in patients with early Par-kinson's disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of dopaminergic medication on decision-making un-der ambiguity in patients with early Parkinson's disease( PD) . Methods Using Iowa Gambling Task ( IGT) for 24 early non-medication idiopathic PD patients( Hoehn and Yahr Scale≤Ⅱlevel) ,24 early idiopathic PD patients with regular dopaminergic medication and also for 24 healthy controls( HC) whose age,gender,and education match to PD patients to test their ability of decision-making under ambiguity. Results The results showed non-medication PD group showed impairments on digtal span and verbal fluency and decision-making task. There was significant difference in IGT task scores among the three groups(F=6.024, P=0.004) . The total net scores of advantageous choices in IGT were significantly lower in non-medication PD group( (-4.50 ±22.19) scores) than medication PD group((8.83±23.24)scores) and healthy group((15.92±15.77) scores) . The difference of net scores in block1 to block5 between non-medication PD group and medication PD group was gradually increased,and the difference of net scores in block5 was significant(P0.05) . As the game processing,medication PD group gradually shifted their se-lections toward the advantageous choices. But non-medication group did not exhibit this shift pattern and the performance was much poorer. Meanwhile, the study also indicated the total net scores of advantageous choices for non-medication PD group was positive correlation to the MoCA scores ( r=0.614, P=0.001). Conclusion The present study has shown that non-medication PD group has impairment in decision-making under ambiguity risk condition and prefer to choose risky options. when exogenous complement dopaminergic medication,the risk decision-making ability of medication PD group has been improved.

Application of smell identification test in Parkinson's disease in China / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To evaluate the olfactory functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with a smell identification test developed for the Chinese population and to examine possible factors contributing to PD patients' olfactory performance.Methods Fifty-five patients with idiopathic and nondementia PD and 55 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited and their olfactory identification tested using the Chinese Smell Identification Test developed by the Institute of Psychology at Chinese Academy of Sciences.Results Olfactory identification score was significantly lower (t =-6.827,P＜0.01) in the PD group (19.3 ±5.4) as compared with the HC group (26.5 ±5.7).Of all PD patients,63.6％ scored over 1 SD below the age norm.In particular,of those with Hoehn-Yahr ratings between 2 to 3,77.8％ scored over 1 SD below the age norm.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that a cut-off score of 22.5 on the Chinese Smell Identification Test distinguished between PD patients and HC with a sensitivity of 74.6％ and specificity of 70.9％.Within the PD group,age,education,Hoehn-Yahr rating and Mini-Mental State Examination score were not found to correlate with olfactory performance (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion PD patients in China show significant impairment of olfactory identification,which is effectively captured by the Chinese Smell Identification Test.

Scrambled biological motion perception in patients with early-middle Parkinson disease / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore scrambled biological motion perception in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Meth?ods Thirty individuals with idiopathic PD and matched health controls (HCs) underwent discrimination task.The severi?ty of disease was assessed based on the Hohen and Yahr scale. Results Compared with“PSE=0”,there was a significant negative PSE (the point of subjective equality) (-0.15 ± 0.18) for HCs ( t=4.56, P<0.001), suggesting a temporal dilation effect of the upright scrambled biological motion sequences in HCs. There was a significant difference in the PSE be?tween PD patients(t=3.72,P<0.001) and HCs. Patients in the PD group were then divided into two subgroups accord?ing to their status of disease. There were significant differences in PSE between early-stage PD patients (stage 1-2) (0.02±0.26) and HCs (P<0.01), and between mid-stage PD patients (stage 2.5-3) (0.06±0.12) and HCs (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in PSE between early-stage and mid-stage PD patients (P=0.61). Conclusion The present study suggests that there is a scrambled biological motion perception impairment in PD at the very early stage, which might be attributed to the dysfunction of the prefrontal lobe.

Biological motion perception in patients with Parkinson's disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the biological motion perception in Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods 45 individuals with idiopathic PD were compared with 45 matched healthy controls (HCs) using a duration discrimination task.Results The point of subjective equality(PSE) was negative value (-0.27±0.17) for health controls (HCs),and there was significant difference compared with PSE =0 by one sample t test (t=10.96,P＜ 0.01).Compared with HCs,the PSE for PD patients (-0.14±0.30) significantly decreased (t=2.63,P=0.01).When further dividing PD into early stages (stage 1-2) and late stages (stage 3-4),significant difference was found between late-stage PD patients(0.02±0.39)and HCs (t=4.07,P=0.008),but not between early-stage PD patients (-0.24±0.14) and HCs (t=0.84,P=0.405).Conclusion There is biological motion perception disorder in PD patients and it is related to the severity of PD.

Screening and analysis of plasma microRNA profile in benzene exposed workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out and analyze differentially expressed miRNAs in the plasma of benzene exposed workers, and explore the potential roles of plasma miRNAs in the development of hematologic toxicity induced by benzene exposure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By individual matching, low blood cell group, unstable blood cell group and normal group of 10 benzene exposed workers in each group were taken as subjects. Microarray was used to find out differentially expressed miRNAs among three groups. Three miRNAs validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Target genes of 9 miRNAs with the high abundance and significant difference were predicted using Target scan, Picture and miRanda softwares. David 6.7 online platform was used to perform GO term enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis of those targets.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Microarray screened out that 138 miRNAs were differentially expressed. Three significant classes of differentially expressed miRNAs were found with the cluster analysis. The detected expressions of miR-638, let-7f-5p and miR-223-3p by relative RT-qPCR was consistent with the microarray date. Pathway analysis showed that the most enriched pathway was focal adhesion, with 6 potential functional targets, including SOS₂, VCL, CCND2, COL4A6, IGF1 and MAPK1.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We have identified the plasma miRNA profile in benzene exposed workers, and further analysis indicates that focal adhesion-associated miRNAs play a potential role in hematologic toxicity induced by benzene exposure.</p>

Abnormal expression of connexin 36 plays a role in the pathogenesis of levodopa induced dyskinesia in rat model of Parkinson' s disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To explore whether gap junction disturbances are involved in the pathogenesis of levodopa-induced dyskinesia ( LID ). Methods The hemi-parkinsonian ( PD ) rat was treated intraperitoneally with L-dopa methylester (20 mg/kg) and benserazid (10 mg/kg) for 21 days and abnormal involuntary movement was evaluated to establish LID rat model. The experimental animals were divided into three groups: LID group, PD group and normal control group, respectively. The behavior responses of intraperitoneal injection of different doses of carbenoxolon and intracerebroventricular injection of quinine were observed to estimate the effects of gap junctional blockade on the abnormal involuntary movement ( AIM ) in the rat model of LID. Double immunofluorescence labeling was used to analyze the expression of connexin 36 ( Cx36 ) in enkephalin positive medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin ( PV ) positive interneurons in the striatum. Western blottings was used to observe the expression of Cx36 in the striatum and moter cortex. Results Behavioral characteristics indicated that high dose of carbenoxolone ( >60 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection and intracerebroventricular injection of quinine ( 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μmol/L, > 2.5 μmol/L ) could decrease the AIM score of LID rats. Western blotting indicated that expression of Cx36 in lesioned striatum and motor cortex of LID rat model was 219.56% ±18.12% and 226.03% ±16.33%, respectively, which induced a significant upregulation in comparison with the normal control group (104.05% ±3.82%, t=15.389, P<0.01;105.27% ±2.82%,t=8.074, P<0.01) and untreated PD group (119.31% ±8.92%, t=13.356, P<0.01; 138.20% ±17.88%, t=5.872, P<0.01). Double immunofluorescence labeling staining revealed that Cx36 expression was increased in Enk-positive striatum neurons in LID model ( 57.59% ±5.36%) compared with that in normal control group (32.67% ±4.22%) and PD group (37.24% ±0.86%, F=78.060, P<0.01). The expression of Cx36 in PV-positive interneurons was also elevated in LID group (68.49% ±11.60%) in comparison with normal control group ( 40.43% ± 2.30%) and PD group ( 31.92% ± 5.68%, F = 39.567, P < 0.01 ).Conclusions The Cx36 expression is generally increased in lesioned striatum and motor cortex of LID rat model. In the striatum, the up-regulation of Cx36 is specifically observed in Enk-positive striatum neurons and in PV-positive interneurons. The dyskinesia behavior of LID rats can be significantly reduced by treatment with gap junction blockade. All these results suggest that gap junction dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of LID.

Dissociation between source and item memory in Parkinson's disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Episodic memory includes information about item memory and source memory. Many researches support the hypothesis that these two memory systems are implemented by different brain structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of item memory and source memory processing in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and to further verify the hypothesis of dual-process model of source and item memory.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We established a neuropsychological battery to measure the performance of item memory and source memory. Totally 35 PD individuals and 35 matched healthy controls (HC) were administrated with the battery. Item memory task consists of the learning and recognition of high-frequency national Chinese characters; source memory task consists of the learning and recognition of three modes (character, picture, and image) of objects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the controls, the idiopathic PD patients have been impaired source memory (PD vs. HC: 0.65 ± 0.06 vs. 0.72 ± 0.09, P = 0.001), but not impaired in item memory (PD vs. HC: 0.65 ± 0.07 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08, P = 0.240).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present experiment provides evidence for dissociation between item and source memory in PD patients, thereby strengthening the claim that the item or source memory rely on different brain structures. PD patients show poor source memory, in which dopamine plays a critical role.</p>

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of plantaginis semen oil by response surface methodology and studies on its antioxidant activity / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The optimum conditions of SFE-CO2 extraction of Plantaginis Semen oil (SPO), the composition of SPO and its antioxidant activities of SPO were all investigated in this paper.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Response surface method (RSM) was used to establish the mathematical model of SFE-CO2 extraction of SPO to obtain the optimum conditions based on Single factor experiments. Fatty acid compositions and contents of SPO were tested by GC-MS, and antioxidant activities of SPO were studied by DPPH and ABTS free radical elimination method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimum conditions obtained through RSM analysis were as follows: extraction tempreture 70 degrees C, extraction pressure 30 MPa, extraction time 120 min and flow rate 30 L x h(-1). Under the optimal condition, predicted value was 35.91%, while the experimental value was 35.07%. The experimental values agree with the predicted from the regression model with a relative error less than 5%. The main components of SPO were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid. Most of the fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty ones, whose quantities were obtained more than 88%. The IC50DPPH and IC50ABTS were 1.13, 3.57 g x L(-1) respectively in DPPH and ABTS assay.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Optimization of the extraction process by RSM of SPO is convenient and feasible. SPO has good antioxidant activity and is worth to develop for application.</p>

Correlation research on the memory monitoring and episodic memory of patients with Parkinson' s disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the episodic memory monitoring ability in patients with Parkinson' s disease (PD) and explore the mechanism of the episodic memory impairment.Method The feeling-of-knowing (FOK) paradigm were established and subsequently administered in 25 PD patients and 25 healthy control (HC) participants who were matched in age and educational level.Results Compared with healthy control group ( FOK-EM recall 39.67％ ±6.11％ ; recognition 58.42％ ±7.50％ ; FOK accuracy 0.61 ±0.22),the episodic memory and its monitoring ability in PD patients were significantly impaired on the accuracy rate of FOK-EM recall ( 19.33％ ±5.10％,t =-4.833,P ＜0.01 ),recognition (45.93％ ±7.82％,t =-2.497,P ＜0.05) and FOK accuracy( -0.18 ±0.46,t =-5.986,P ＜0.01).Furthermore,the correct judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM ( 20.47％ ± 10.78％ ) and the correct judgment and false recognition of FOK-EM (29.53％ ±5.62％ ) in the PD group were significantly higher than the HC group ( the correct judgment and correct recognition of FOK-EM:39.47％ ± 9.47％ and the correct judgment and false recognition of FOK-EM:13.90％ ±5.50％ ; t =3.564,P ＜0.05 ; t =2.306,P ＜0.05).Most importantly,the stroop effect was positively correlated with the correct judgment and false recognition of FOK-EM in PD group ( r =0.640,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions In the present study,the PD patients demonstrated an overestimation of their recognition ability of episodic memory,moreover,this impairment of memory monitoring was positively correlated with the deficit of executive function,indicating that this mechanism could be an influential factor of memory disorder in PD.

Decision-making under risk condition in patients with Parkinson' s disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the ability of decision making under risk condition in patients with Parkinson' s disease (PD),and to explore the neural relationship between basal ganglia and the decision-making ability.Method Twenty-five PD patients and 25 healthy controls (HC) were investigated by Game of Dice Test (GDT) with explicit probability.Results PD patients performed poorly in the entire task,selecting more risky options ( PD:10.88 ± 5.58 ; HC:5.72 ± 3.69 ; t =3.86,P ＜ 0.01 ),compared with healthy controls.In general,the final asset of PD group was negative while the result of HC group was always profitable and the difference was significant ( PD:- 3748.00 ± 3923.87 ; HC:684.00 ± 1764.62 ; t =-5.15,P ＜ 0.01 ).The most frequent choice made by PD patients was one number,which is the most risky one.Accordingly,the most frequent choice made by HC group was three numbers (one number:PD:6.48 ±5.81;HC:1.00 ± 1.44;t =4.58,P ＜0.01; three numbers:PD:2.64 ±2.14;HC:7.04 ±2.54;t =-6.62,P ＜ 0.01 ).The frequency of choosing the risky options was correlated with the rate of using negative feedback( r =-0.59,P =0.003 ),and the result of Stroop test( r =0.55,P =0.004).Conclusion Present study has shown that PD patients have significant impairments in decision-making under risk condition,and the impairments are correlated with executive function and negative feedback.

Time perception in patients with Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To explore the impairment of time perception in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).Method Thirty-two individuals with idiopathic PD were compared with 32 matched healthy controls using a time reproduction task.Result Compared with healthy controls for the 3-second duration reproduction task, PD patients in the setting of a delay by 1 s ( (2.78 ±0.31 ) s and (2.15 ±0.34) s,respectively) and a delay by 5 s ( (2.74 ±0.32) s and (2.08 ±0.37) s, respectively) showed impairment in time perception with a significant under-estimation of the duration ( t = - 7.459, - 7.533, both P ＜0.01 ).When compared with healthy controls for the 5-second duration reproduction task, PD patients in the setting of a delay by 1 s ( (3.99 ±0.39) s and (3.11 ±0.52) s) and 5 s ( (4.05 ±0.40) s and (2.96 ±0.54) s) also showed impairment in time perception with a significant under-estimation of the duration (t =-7.609 and - 9.120, both P ＜ 0.01 ).When compared with healthy controls for the 600-millisecond duration reproduction task, PD patients in the setting of delay by 1 s ((0.91 ±0.18) s and (0.90 ±0.18) s, respectively) and by 5 s ( (0.89 ± 0.16) s and (0.91 ± 0.17 ) s, respectively) did not have impaired time perception, and the difference was not significant ( t = 0.347, P = 0.730; t = - 0.519, P =0.606, respectively).Conclusion Our data indicates that time perception is impaired in PD patients.Impaired time perception is mainly an under-estimation of the time interval in seconds rather than milliseconds.

Mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the cognitive impairment characteristics in Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild cognitive impairment(PD-MCI)as well as their related risk factors.Methods In all of the participants, a battery of neuropsychological tests were selected to identify the cognitive deficits; the 2 cognitive screening tests utilized in this study were the MMSE and the CAMCOG-C; the severity of disease was measured using the Hoehn-Yahr;the motor portion of the UPDRS and Webster scale were used to evaluate motor function and PD-MCI were classified according to modified Petersen's criteria.Results Of the 89 PD cases, 56 (63%) were cognitively normal (PDCOGNL), 20 (22%) had MCI and 13 (15%) met criteria for PD dementia (PDD). The cognitive domain abnormal in PD-MCI was orientation, language, memory, attention, praxis, thinking and perception. The PDCOGNL group had no significant differences in age and PD onset versus the PD-MCI group, but had significant difference in the years of education (PD-MCI:4.4±4.3,PDCOGNL:7.1±4.9;q=3.270, P<0.05); PD-MCI also had no significant differences for all of them versus the PDD, but the PDD group had significant differences for them (q=-4.913, -4.997, 4.740,all P<0.01) compared with the PDCOGNL group; there were no significant differences among 3 groups in years of PD duration. Hoehn-Yahr and Webster scale, UPDRS-motor score had negative correlation with PD cognitive function. Conclusions A stage of clinical cognitive impairment in PD can be defined between PDCOGNL and PDD that characterized as PD-MCI. There are multiple domains impaired in PD-MCI. The risk factors of PD cognitive impairment include the elder, later onset and lower education level. There are negative correlation between the severity of disease, motor function and PD cognitive function.

Protective effects of the intracerebral transfer of the adenoviral-mediated GDNF gene in a rat model of Parkinson's disease / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To study the neuroprotective effects of adeno viral mediated glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) gene transfer in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Methods Thirty five SD rats were divided into 3 groups which received perinigral injections of recombinant adenovirus encoding GDNF (Ad GDNF)/ LacZ(Ad LacZ) and PBS, respectively. One week later, intrastriatal injection of 6 hydroxydopamine (6 OHDA) was made to induce progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The neuroprotective effects of Ad GDNF were evaluated by apomorphine induced rotational behavior, immunohistochemical assay of the tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) positive neurons in the midbrain and measurement of monoamine level in the striatum. RT PCR and ELISA were performed to check the expression of the exogenous GDNF gene in the brain. Results Ad GDNF treated rats showed improved motor functions, better survival of TH positive cells in the lesioned substantia nigra (70% vs 30%) and higher DA levels in the lesioned striatum. The exogenous GDNF gene was efficiently expressed in the midbrain. GDNF protein level in the injection site reached 1 ng/10 mg wet tissue 5 weeks after the adenoviral vector delivery, being 16 20 times of that of the Ad LacZ delivery or PBS treated groups. Conclusions Adeno viral mediated GDNF gene intracerebral transfer significantly protected the dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal system from 6 OHDA induced injury and is valuable in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Fronotemporal lobar degeneration: an update / 第二军医大学学报

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a non-Alzheimer dementia syndrome characterized by focal atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. Recently, it has been found that FTLD is related to the degeneration of tau protein, and is closely associated with corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and motor neuron disease. This article reviews the progress in etiology, genetics, pathology, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria of FTLD.

THE INDUCEMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE RATS' BONE MARROW STROMAL CELLS TRANSFECTED WITH NURRL GENE / 解剖学报

Objective To study the effect of Nurrl gene on the differentiation of rats' marrow stromal cells(MSCs) into neurous under the co-inducement of total panax notoginserg saponins(tPNS) and all-trans-retineic acid(ATRA) by coloning the Nurrl gene and transfecting it into MSCs. Methods Expressing plasmids pcDNA3.1-hygro-Nurrl were cloned,then transfected into MSCs with lipofectamine 2000.To begin with,MSCs were subcultured into 6-wells cultured plate at about 5?10~5 cells/well density and the wells were divided into four groups randomly which were Nurrl+tPNS/ATRA group,tPNS/ATRA group,Nurrl group and control group.Secondly,the plasmids were introduced to the MSCs in Nurrl+tPNS/ATRA group and Nurrl group,then protein expression of Nurrl was identified with immunocytochemistry.Thirdly,after the MSCs and plasmids had been co-cultured for 48 hours,cells in Nurrl+tPNS/ATRA group and tPNS/ATRA group were induced with BME in advance then with tPNS/ATRA in due form.For cells in Nurrl and control group,the only difference was that tPNS/ATRA was replaced with the culture.Finally we compared the different percentage of positive cells in four groups with TH,AChE and GABA antibodies by immunocytochemistry method. Results The immunocytochemical test showed that the MSCs transfected with Nurrl gene expressed Nurrl protein.The percentage of positive cells of TH antibody in Nurrl+tPNS/ATRA group was(38.4?4.6)% distinctly higher than that of tPNS/ATRA group,which was(5.9?3.4)%.Conclusion With tPNS/ATRA induced and immunocytochemistry of TH,positive cells percentage in Nurrl+tPNS/ATRA group was higher than that in tPNS/ATRA group,which showed a statistic difference.And the inducing function of tPNS and ATRA in MSCs differentiating into neurons was definite.